Challenges

Until now, developing in-situ oil reserves has meant significant costs, both for producers and the environment.

Between high capital and operating costs, major technical hurdles, and most recently the sharp drop in oil prices, much of the oil sand resources remain undeveloped.

At the same time, the environmental footprint of oil extraction has drawn vocal opposition from around the world. Although much progress has been made, current extraction technologies have their downside, such as high water usage and energy-intensive processes resulting in high emissions.